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The use of trade protection measures on the protection of declining industries


Abstract: Due to declining industry lost its international competitiveness,tory burch shoes, free trade conditions, will inevitably lead to similar products or directly competitive products, and the surge in imports causing serious injury or threat of serious injury, and therefore easier to meet the protection of declining industries implementation of the measures conditions. Government's decision whether to protect declining industries when considering only the interests of different groups from the political contributions received Bingzuitaihua its political support. Safeguard measure is whether or not the government and between different interest groups the result of games.
Keywords: trade protection measures; declining industry; interest groups, trade protection measures refers to a member of a number of imported products and domestic production increased compared to the absolute or relative, and the production of similar or directly competitive products or serious damage to domestic industry, threat of serious injury, the imports of member countries by law to take the increase tariffs,p90x workout schedule, quantitative import restrictions and other measures to eliminate or mitigate such injury or threat of injury. Trade protection measures and anti-dumping measures,mac makeup replica, countervailing measures side by side, WTO trade remedy allowed three one way. Trade protection measures for the implementation of the general there are three conditions: First, import surges. Import surges, refers to the rapid growth of imports, rather than the import value or the amount of growth. Import growth can be either absolute increase in the number of imported products, it can be relative to the importing country in terms of domestic production relative increase in the number of imports. Second, the domestic production of like or directly competitive products, industry has been seriously damaged or threat of serious injury. Third, the increase in imports is a serious threat of injury or serious damage to the substantive reasons. Declining industry refers to that due to technological development, wage increase,mac blush, the conduct of international trade or other reasons leading to the advantage of national industries to gradually lose the original international competitive edge and face recession or are in declining industries. As the recession in industry lost its international competitiveness, free trade conditions, will inevitably lead to similar or directly competitive products of the surge in imports and domestic production of like or directly competitive products in the industry, causing serious damage or threat of serious injury. Therefore easier to declining industry to meet the conditions for the implementation of safeguard measures. Vested interests of these declining industries willing to lobby the Government to adopt safeguard measures to protect their own interests and their government the ruling party for the election or re-election of the need to have readily accepted the Youshui declining industry and the implementation of these safeguard measures for trade protection. First of all we have neglected to implement security measures for their own foreign pressure. In this case, whether to protect declining industries involved in the two interest groups. One is the declining industry interest groups, and the other is the import of products of interest groups, such as importers and distributors. Assumptions taken in this declining industry protection measures, the recession in industry, interest groups and interest groups are imported products there is a fixed amount of political contributions S1 and S2. And interest groups only in their demands were not met or the government's policy undermines the status quo only to give up their fixed-interest political contributions S1 or S2, switch S1 or S2 with the support of another political party. If the declining industry interest groups choose to lobby the Government to adopt safeguard measures,mac 120 color eyeshadow palette, the political contributions to pay for the C1, the cost of lobbying for the D1. Interest groups if the import safeguard measures intended to prevent the implementation of the lobby, then the need for political donations amount of C2, the cost of lobbying for the D2. The Government decided to implement security measures, declining industry vested interests to get the interests of the п1, imported products of interest groups as a result of the implementation of safeguards the welfare losses п2. Although the security measures on the individual consumer welfare losses caused by a small, but a declining industry or imported products the benefits of interest groups is significant. So, C1 and C2 are large, and because the implementation of safeguard measures would lead to similar products or directly competitive products limit the number of imports, thus declining industry interest groups п1 larger, and thus declining industry interest groups willing to provide the C1 has a larger share of interest groups to make the import of goods because only the difference between the sales price, which п2 than п1 small, and therefore imports of interest groups willing to stop the implementation of safeguard measures to provide the amount of political donations than C1 C2 small, we think, C1 > C2 and greater than S1 and S2. If the declining industry interest groups and interest groups have chosen to import products not to lobby, then, if the Government does not take protection measures so as to maintain the status quo, the Government can get from two interest groups, political contributions fixed amount of S1 + S2. The Government has decided to take safeguard measures, then it will lead to interest groups dissatisfied with imported products, imported products and thus lose interest groups, political contributions of fixed S2. So to maximize political support by the Government assumes that the government obviously does not meet the conditions of security measures to implement the security measures implemented in this declining industry. Compared with the implementation of the safeguard measures at this time, declining industries suffer the potential loss of п1, while imports and interest groups compared to the implementation of security measures, access to the interests of the п2. If the declining industry interest groups choose to lobby the imported products do not choose to lobbying of interest groups, and if the government decided to take safeguard measures, access to political donations amount of S1 + C1. If the Government decided not to take safeguard measures, the Government can get the amount of political contributions to S2. Consequently, under the assumption that the government maximize political support, the Government decided to take safeguard measures. At this point, recession, industry interest groups profit from the protection measures for the п1-D1-C1. While imports of interest groups as safeguards loss suffered п2. If the declining industry lobbying of interest groups do not choose, choose to import products of interest groups lobbying to say. If the Government decided to take safeguard measures, then the government can get the amount of political contributions to S1. If the Government decided not to take security measures to maintain the status quo, then political contributions to get the amount of S1 + S2 + C2. According to maximize political support for the assumption, the government apparently did not force the implementation of safeguard measures. Compared with the implementation of the safeguard measures at this time, declining industries suffer the potential loss of п1, while imports and interest groups compared to the implementation of security measures, access to the interests of the п2-D2-C2. If the declining industry interest groups and interest groups have chosen to import products to lobby, then the government decided to take safeguard measures if so, to get political contributions for the S1 + C1 and the Government has decided not to take security measures to get political contributions amount of S2 + C2. Since C1> C2, and S1 and S2 relative to the C1 and C2 terms are small, so there is generally S1 + C1> S2 + C2. Therefore, to maximize political support for the Government under the assumption that, will decide to take safeguard measures. Declining industry interests at this time because the implementation of safeguards to profit for the п1-D1-C1. Imported products of interest groups as a safeguard measure losses suffered п2 + D2. This, we can get the following game matrix.
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