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(1) tools for measurement-based model of social assistance and technical issues in measurement methodology. How to set the scientific objects of social assistance eligibility and review procedures, is a tool measurement-based social assistance (Means-tested social assistance) to implement the key link. But in the course of implementation of social assistance, for some reason makes the existence of tools for measuring the social assistance review and implementation methods encounter many obstacles and difficult to put into practice. In the transition of Russia's social assistance to face the problems affecting the efficiency of social assistance, resulting in social assistance in the operation and implementation obstacles (Svetlana Misikhina).
in Germany, the social assistance system and the combination of labor market policy is often considered inadequate. The main focus of social assistance in particular focus on the level of social assistance payments, especially those with several children in the family, social assistance may cause them to lose their jobs enthusiasm. Thus, for those who apply for social assistance, except for health, age and other reasons, are required to accept a job, have the ability to work for social assistance claimants, if they do not accept the offer to work or not work hard to find work, social assistance payments may be reduced at least 25%. Social assistance system in Germany to discuss the core issue of reform of social assistance system and tools that measure the type of the combination of unemployment insurance, this reform has been approved and were being carried out.
for the Swedish labor market conditions, the Swedish labor market policy has always stressed the positive measures. To active labor market policy measures, it is quite important to the training of the labor market, while some focus on the object of training adults in the 25 years of age and no working capability.
The experience of social assistance abroad and China's future development of social assistance


Abstract: To establish and improve the social assistance system is to solve the problem of poverty an important measure of life is to achieve social solidarity and justice an important entry point. In their respective countries in the world formed a unique historical development and institutional arrangements operating mode. Based on the study of social assistance parts of Europe on the basis of the theory and practice, combined with social assistance system to explore the construction of China's historical experience, the principle of social assistance in China, the concept and development model for the consideration, the mode of China's social assistance system should have a fair , efficiency, mobility and other functions and developmental characteristics. Chinese papers League finishing. Keywords: social assistance, labor market, social policy, the Chinese model
In Austria, social assistance solely the responsibility of the local, social assistance eligibility conditions and the level of assistance in many different parts, in general, there is no uniform procedure, and applicants for social assistance is also a high degree of relief discretion.



1,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], the specific historical and economic and social transformation is the prerequisite for social relief system of China's social and historical conditions generated

2. Low cost, great performance
3. Focus on the implementation of social assistance and active labor market policies to implement the combination


in Germany, social assistance, 75% of the sources of funding from local authorities and another 25% from central government, and policy making responsibilities of the Federal Government, local authorities responsible for implementation.
generation of social assistance in China in the early 1990s. As the world's largest developing country, but also the world's largest number of poor countries, which constitute the social assistance system in China began to face in the establishment of the established historical premise and initial conditions. Since the 1990s, China's economic reform and development, on the birth of modern social assistance has played a role. In the 1990s, China's economic and social situation and the labor market is characterized by the increased intensity of China's reform and opening up the economy to obtain the sustained and rapid growth. However, with the social and economic transformation, China is facing increasingly serious employment situation, the number of working-age population, the rapid growth of rural labor to cities and towns to speed up the transfer speed of re-employment of laid-off workers to increase difficulty, making the growing phenomenon of urban unemployment . In 1996, the number of registered unemployed persons was 577 million to 827 million by 2004 (Republic of China Yearbook, 2005). Due to the serious problem of unemployment and the resulting new urban poverty, which seriously affect and constrain China's economic development and social stability, and thus change the traditional social relief system, explore the establishment of a social relief system has institutionalized a new social important policy choices, and urban minimum living security system is established that such a positive social policy outcomes.
1. Social assistance has always been a response to the important problem of poverty and unemployment, institutional arrangements and social policies
in modern society, the social assistance system as an important anti-poverty initiatives and institutional arrangements, and more generally by the international attention. Through the social assistance to protect the individual right to life and human dignity, to achieve the relief of poverty and achieve social unity and promote social justice, these become the social assistance an important starting point and institution building social objectives, particularly in the economic transformation and social change historical period social assistance system in the growing political importance, become a social assistance system and an important social function.
achieve social assistance and labor market policies is to ensure that the organic integration of the key to the efficiency of social assistance system is maintain the mobility of social assistance in order to better target social assistance play an important aspect of the rescue function, therefore, the international system of social assistance in the design of the arrangement, focus on the achievement of social assistance policy and other economic and social policies, especially labor market policy fit.



from the history of the development of social assistance system Perspective, social assistance has always been an important anti-poverty social policy. Especially in the early industrialized countries, the social assistance system as an important social policies and institutions can be established very early. Social assistance from abroad in the history of development, the existence of poverty and unemployment assistance system of modern society gave birth to two important forces are due to poverty, social assistance, and gave birth to the efforts to eradicate poverty with gradual improvement, and its goal is to encounter a variety of natural and social crisis of survival against the settlement of people who provide assistance to ensure their basic living conditions.
from the early 1990s, as the core of the urban social relief system, the minimum living security establishment in the country after another Since China's social assistance system so far has gone through 10 years of development, to alleviate poverty, protect the people's livelihood and achieve social equity played an important role. At present, China's social assistance system has been continuously improved in the city, is the vast rural areas to more expansion. This indicates that the construction of China's social assistance system has entered a new stage of development, facing increased aid effectiveness, improve the existing system and to achieve the task of institutional innovation. Therefore, comparison of domestic and international economic and social system perspective, benefit the social assistance system to further clarify the development of China's future orientation, the formation of social assistance with Chinese characteristics model.
in Sweden, the vast majority of social assistance expenditure of funds from local authorities, although social assistance is a citizen of a universal right, but the management of social assistance is carried out at the local level. The qualifications of social assistance by the central government decided, but its interpretation and social assistance payments are issued by local authorities. Although there are national standards for the proposed social assistance,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], but the actual rescue standards in different regions vary considerably.



foreign social assistance system has a long history of success in practice has the experience, while globalization , economic development and demographic changes such as new cases are also facing problems and challenges.

from the international experience of social assistance, social assistance to achieve good operation, it must strike a balance between these two, on the one hand protection of human dignity and the individual's right to exist; the other hand, must implement the ten social control and cost constraints to achieve such a surface in the real balance is a very difficult task. From this point of view, the establishment of China's social assistance system is a huge population of poor developing countries to implement anti-poverty plan is a huge social engineering, the cost of high self-evident. However, China has blazed a progressive development of low-cost expansion path, and achieved good social effects. Minimum livelihood guarantee system for urban residents was established since 1997, when the number of people into this range not more than 200 million people; to the end of 1999 to 2.81 million; the end of 2000 to 402 million people; the end of 2001 to 1170 million . In 2002, the Government has taken great efforts According to the Chinese Ministry of Civil Affairs statistics, as of first quarter of 2007, there were 10,378,757, 22,427,355 urban residents to enjoy the minimum living security; in rural areas 8,478,080,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], 17,883,597 people by rural minimum living allowance (Ministry of Civil Affairs, 2007). The Chinese government attaches great importance to the social assistance system and the system construction, the construction of China's social assistance system history is not long, but made significant progress and positive social effects.

In Finland, social assistance is established by the central government, the object of social assistance eligibility within the general policy guidelines for management by local authorities. Since the 1990s, the growing pressure of unemployment resulted in many models of social assistance regulations and standardization has been canceled, at the same time, local governments in social assistance have greater discretionary powers, social assistance benefits also show the growing diversity of. The level of social assistance is the cost of living in the country to set two different type of geographic area (Katja HÖlsch and Margit Kraus).
(2) social assistance and labor enthusiasm. Causing social assistance social assistance Social Assistance objects lose their jobs rely on the enthusiasm, is the implementation of the objectives of social assistance should be avoided. However, despite the fact that in some countries the implementation of active labor market policies, there are still rely on social assistance, and thereby reduce the flow of social assistance and aid effectiveness. Compared with other EU countries, such as in Sweden receiving social assistance social assistance target time is short. Although the terms for access to social rescuer, has been receiving social assistance for many years is not typical, however, continued to rely on social assistance for many years is not uncommon for life. In 1992, local residents access to social assistance, only 1 / 4 of the households in the new social assistance families, and half of the households as early as 5 years ago into the social assistance system (Bjorn. Gustafson , 2006). Germany and Japan in a similar situation, because it is not for some social assistance recipients to provide an effective way out of poverty, the situation of long term social assistance there,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], and occupy a certain amount.





due to the political system and the level of economic development and many other factors, social the international relief system was introduced in the social life of the time and in the social assistance legislation, rescue standards,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], Social Assistance, it is also much different. However, social assistance as an important social policy and institutional arrangements do have some of the social system and ideology beyond the common functions and objectives, that is, living in difficult countries to help people, providing them a safety net for the final survival . In the long historical development, many countries in the world are gradually established a social assistance system, and poverty in the process of forming a distinctive pattern of social assistance and practical experience.


First, the international experience of social assistance and foreign social assistance system and the main features
(3) Social Assistance and Poverty Alleviation. And the marketization of higher levels of the early industrial Western economies than in developed countries, economic and social transformation in Russia and some former socialist countries of Eastern Europe, social assistance is a completely different situation exists. As long denied that the pre-reform socialist system, the ideology of poverty exist, should be available to the public caused by the So, explore the establishment of social relief system, to overcome the social crisis in Russia and the former Eastern Europe from planned to market economies in transition is of special importance. However, due to slow economic growth in some countries, the state taxes and thus vulnerable groups of society to provide comprehensive safety net of the reduced capacity, while the socialist planned economy inherited down the transfer payment system is not adaptive, and these former Eastern European societies construction of social assistance system capitalist countries will face great difficulties. <FONT Style=Reflections on the development
2. Take centralization and decentralization of social assistance in different management


the distribution of social assistance and social assistance model performance to the degree of centralization significant relationship However, due to the actual situation of different countries, the international centralization and decentralization to the different social assistance management.
stage of development in the history of the Chinese national conditions and the different aspects of the reform path, China's social assistance system of the establishment and improvement of walking is different from both European and American developed a capitalist countries, but also different from other developing countries and countries with economies in transition a unique way. From the Chinese model of social assistance system of the development process can be seen, the Chinese model has the following characteristics of social assistance.
4. Social assistance system and the implementation issues and challenges facing their
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