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Employer groups and labor relations - The Industrial and handling labor disputes


【Abstract】 The Industrial and labor unions are the product of the separation, both were strengthened after the formation of the organizational integration of the respective class, but also to make labor relations more characteristic of class politics. However, the trade association of employers as the industry is not as generally recognized and the workers and their union is diametrically opposed positions in the Government's industrial processing mechanism, cooperation among employers and employees also play an important role.
Abstract title】 socio-economic
Key words employer groups / labor relations / Association
】 【Is the text
The labor relations modern political history has been a central research topic early in the \In such study, for the capitalists, the bourgeois political parties, government, institutional exploitation acts to suppress the working class enough to attack. Among the targets for attacks, both the bourgeoisie of trade associations, including trade unions under KMT control. In recent years, scholars of the modern Chinese political parties, government, workers and capitalists have a complex relationship between the more objective understanding of both of its contradictions and conflicts are also concerned about the coordination and cooperation. Employer bodies,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], they have more academic analysis of the Chamber of Commerce and the relationship between the KMT government, some scholars expressed concern that \However, an industry trade association and labor disputes in recent times the position and role in the process of a lack of full understanding, there is need to explore (Note: related research are: Qisheng: \30s an Industrial Dispute Case Study \\Club 2004 edition; [date] Obama is sub: \,U.S.] Elizabeth Perry: \Unrest in Dance Dance Guild, \ This paper, based on data files and the press, trying to rise from the Association of Labour Relations and its processing as to analyze a group of employers association and the complex relationship between the political class. This paper analyzes the process of leaf, trying to trade associations, unions and the government simultaneously included in the study perspective, the pattern of a tripartite interaction to demonstrate the association of labor in the labor dispute and the role of coordination mechanisms in the compound.
1, labor division and the Rise of the Labour group
The Industrial as a new industry organization, the resulting channels are two: one from the traditional industry-Hall, hall change from, the other for the new industry self-organized. Regardless of how its construction of the result of broadly similar, including the development of capitalism to promote trade, industry, business regulation order, to resist the invasion of foreign capitalism, a number of factors. The so-called industry development of capitalism, in fact, includes not only the production of innovations, including changes in production relations, labor relations, which implies the change of course. Most of the emerging industry of trade associations established by the independent business owners, hiring has obviously been excluded, the separation of forces of labor has now (Note: see the Trade Association: \) \To proved the rise of labor division and the Association of the intrinsic relationship between the need for analysis of the traditional hall, hall in the Late Republic of China, transformation and differentiation. Ming and Qing Dynasties set most of the country with all kinds of urban-eup, Hall, hall. According to Peng Zeyi statistics, from 1655 to 1911, Hankou, Suzhou, Shanghai, Beijing, Chongqing, Changsha and Hangzhou and other areas Business Center, hall of about 598, including manual trades accounted for 49.5%, business lines to help account for 50.5% ( Note: Pengze Yi editor: \Such industry-hall, hall and more from the small workshop owner or owners of the collection form, the shop man, difficult apprenticeship in which the right to speak. However, among the most shops, shopkeepers and waiters, apprentices are working together, each situation is not as much difference. Boy, apprentices by the industry, regulatory, reached after a certain period can also be opened independently, subject to the help of hall, hall can only continue his career. It can be said, in the hall, hall of industry management system, owners and waiters, and apprentice share common interests. In addition, the clubhouse, hall among the shop owners and shopkeepers, apprentices and apprentice, between the owner and the apprentice there are different degrees of consanguinity, geographical and rural geographic, to a certain extent, ease the mutual antagonism. Outside edge of this industry not only exists in the clubhouse emotional ties, within the hall, also present in the hall, hall outside, and to the industry operators throughout China with a very distinct regional characteristics, the formation of well-established business group ( Note: Merchant of See also: Winning the other: \American scholar Elizabeth Perry of the \Together with man, the limited number of apprentices,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], but also very dispersed or the owners are working-groups, treatment and other aspects of the conflict, it is difficult to truly expand. So, thanks to the traditional clubhouse, hall of the \ Sequence two, with the development of capitalism and the standard industry operating order, need to resist foreign invasion, the norm in government regulations, the large hall, hall for the Association of the restructuring. According to Mr. Yu peace Statistics, Shanghai, Suzhou, Hankow and Beijing's line will be set up before 1840 after 1912 only 28.7% of the total number of actual existence; 1840-1903 established between the number of rows will be accounted for 48.7% of total . But after 1904, along with Chamber of Commerce and Association of a large number of new industry organizations to establish, the guild has greatly reduced the amount of growth (Note: The danger of peace: \.). In the traditional transfer line will be divided based on the merger from the trade association and the majority,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], and completely new trade association is limited because the share of emerging industries is not large. According to 1930 statistics, Shanghai, \, the new organizer of seven. \Employers separated from the labor productivity, in order to expand production, the contract forms in many industries to recruit workers. Modern industry \\ Autonomy in the development stage of Commerce and Industry Association, Association although in practice and clubhouse, as is also the owner of the collection of public offices, but still not clear for the employee to be excluded. In 1918, the Beijing government promulgated the \In the \The rules set up for manual labor and housing markets in order to set off the business exclusion, the original of the clubhouse, all public offices were handled as usual. Therefore, although the rule determine the Business Association and the Center, hall of legal status, but only with the industry for its members is limited, not Minga qualified for membership. November 1927, and the Nanjing government also confrontation between Beijing and the Northern Government promulgated the \Note: Pengze Yi editor: \Accordingly the provisions of ordinary factory workers, craftsmen or master can set up technology trade association. However, the implementation of this rule without end. In the Beijing administration, although the trade association and the rules did not exclude the workers, but only in form to maintain the hall, hall during the organizational structure, does not mean that workers rights within the Association has expanded. If the combination of this period trade union development in their analysis,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], they find that it is labor and labor organizations were separate trend is inevitable. In the traditional clubhouse, hall to the Association of the transformation process, the owners and chefs are still maintained control of the Association, and asked another group of professional workers trade union situation is increasing. Both in new industries or traditional industries, with the capitalist industrial and commercial enterprises to expand the number and size, the number of workers and the concentration increases exponentially. In the modern sense of association, many workers in the industry together to form trade unions or the new hall. In Suzhou, was established in Daoguang years Brocade hall, originally for the Suzhou silk industry to the guild organization. Tongzhi years to \families and machine maker Brocade hall began to come out in the division. According to \\In some areas, due to the coexistence of the employer and the employee of the organization, sub-called \Foshan large timber such as family organizations, said the Middle East, aniseed-line wide Sin Tong Benevolent Society, the West family that dedicated Church; Foshan lacquer box row house, said the Middle East Comrade Church, United Church West home said color; Foshan carmine red dye on paper line, said owner Comrade Church, West said Po ancestral home community. 20 to 20 century BC, the Chinese labor movement tends to rise, increasing the establishment of professional union. May 1920, \will be in the polarized state employee organizations, the number of rows the table area the name of the workers Remarks Xuanyuan hall clothing industry workers and 47,000 common organizational barber shops unknown Luozu Gong industry every year for the industry to be closed down Luozu birthday day butter sauce industry trade partner in 2000 the Friends Association was established one month, was disintegrating Shoes 26000 employers to fulfill the industry hall and another hall employer groups within the Chamber of Commerce to fulfill the industry more than 70,000 wooden woodworking industry all workers within the industry hall hall coexist with small groups of more than 13,500 names unknown painting industry, in nine acres of land more than 10,000 sea bristle bristle industry trade hall meetings set of rules to 10, to prevent the exploitation of factory workers Terminal handling industries around 30,000 a secret organization, the name is unknown whether the group can not see how organizations Pier 2,000 porters Association shoulder operation in the restaurant industry workers with unknown social company entrance are catching more than 300 persons, groups very strong industry Yutang unknown hall about 300 workers in the printing industry hall 3, name unknown sub-stereotype, lithography, wood engraving three lines South tailors with more than 4,000 Beijing hairdressing Chengzhang hall 1,500 July 13 Luozu birthday day off, meet ritual Source: \ This shows that the traditional hall, hall of differentiation in both directions, business trade associations and unions were to become the assets and employees of the successor. These lines will be the subject employee is hired workers, its purpose and function mainly to protect the interests of workers, when the rise of the trade union movement, most of them converted into trade unions. If the KMT in March 1929 the investigation report said the Guangdong Provincial Government, the Communist Party in a large number of the Qing after the dissolution of trade unions in Guangdong province remaining \\cases will be separated from the traditional line out. Therefore, employee organizations and employers of the differences are not completely determined by the name, and to determine the identity of its members. However, Hall, hall is still more to employers-turned Association; and workers organizations, known as Hall, who is still relatively small hall, renamed after the multi-union. This Name and debate, was already known, \the case. \the. In 1929, the National Government promulgated the \\This rules supplement for the former, this has the effect of the legal definition of employer will Association (employer) areas of the organization, that is often said, \While ordinary workers can send their representatives to the WTO, but did not say being in the Association. Tianjin County, West Pharmaceutical Association provides: \\Shanghai Zhen Xun Wood Association to the \that the members \Shanghai Machine dyeing industry members with industry representatives will be the \Industry Association, the Articles of Association \Suzhou silk industry association statute provides that \\Established in 1929, Shanghai Silk Association provides that, \: Reprint Series No. 3, Article 42 of series \, East concerned (Note: the straight-talking voice strict Code: \This indicates that the subject is the trade association of owners and managers (Note: the \, However, should also be noted that the Association of Law on companies, corporations, and the clerk may send representatives to promote membership, this provision actually contains profound meaning. Inquiry of the KMT Central Standing Committee of the 32nd session of the principles put forward by trade associations and chambers of commerce method using the new method also shows points. He said: \in the Labour party and municipal purposes contrary, the disadvantages, or to the clerk fraction to form trade unions, and more to the dispute, as the Chamber of Commerce in France so we do not in Germany, Austria, Japan, the legal system the same business meeting who was due to the current use of There are all kinds of difficulties. for the conservation of business development groups and shops, sake, as a considerable degree of adoption of the spirit inherent in the system is good clubhouse. \\In particular, he emphasized the coordination of the owners and employees are that the Association should absorb the advantages of the system in order to promote the integration of labor relations, which at the time of the opinion that the KMT is the same. Sri Lanka, the KMT party claiming to be universal, but it does not cover domestic workers between the class and the bourgeoisie of serious opposition to resolve class contradictions, stable social order, such a claim also very natural. However, since the late Qing Association has, in fact, become assets or the owners of the trade organization, although many trade associations including the Labour members, but not in the association among the voice, the main organizational form of labor unions. Hope that the Association is able to cover both sides, is clearly wishful thinking.
Second, industry associations and labor-management conflict
In the traditional hall, hall of the differentiation process of change, the opposition Labour had appeared, the organization also reflected in the association behavior. In general terms, employers organizations help integrate the bourgeois class, and trade union organizations of the working class with groups, both based on their interests, are more likely to conflict and confrontation. But from another perspective, the development of labor organizations also provide the organizational basis for the coordination of labor. However, in the Republic of China, labor relations have been incorporated into the party politics. Whether labor dispute, or labor-management co-ordination, to be determined by the capitalists, workers and political parties in the game, Association in which the system has an important role in fear. In the labor conflict, the trade association for the owners of aggregates, always safeguarding the interests of its own fundamental purpose. In order to reduce production costs, maintain production order, the bourgeoisie sought to depress the wages of workers, suppressing the insurgency. Whether in the Republic of China and the Revolution, or in the Nanjing National Government, Trade Association based on the interests of their own industry, there is repression against the workers and the labor movement behavior. In the Northern Government, trade unions by the Government earlier than the recognition of trade unions, but unions without legal legitimacy of the association to use its organizational advantages,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], to suppress sporadic labor movement, workers organizations, unions and even suppressed. Founded in 1912, cutting rafters of the Tianjin branch of the Tianjin shoe workers organizations, but did not explicitly recognized by the Government. July 1915, the righteous and prosperous village of abuse work shoe sole property of the research branch of the conflict and the shop has arisen. Tianjin Institute of shoes and shoe business on their behalf to charges of Tianjin Chamber of Commerce branch cut rafters of \Zhao Wenqing Tianjin Chamber of Commerce to send investigators to check. After he reported to the Chamber of Commerce, all row disturb shop union rules, please be dissolved on the grounds that \shoe store out to resist, or solicitation of the strike means the relative to be. \If this theory, cutting rafters of the nature of trade union branch is actually the organization, but because there is no statutory status, but by the shop and the Chamber of Commerce rejected an attempt to dissolve and then security. Tianjin Chamber of Commerce sent a letter to be dissolved in Zhili Xunan Shi, Xun Anshi as they please, ordered the dissolution of cut rafters and research branch. Police Office of Tianjin and in December issued a document, re-association is strictly prohibited shoe workers (Note: Tianjin Archives et al: \Chamber of Commerce, the official footwear supplier to suppress the workers of the intent of the joint beyond doubt. Such cases during the labor movement in the 1920s is not uncommon. The face of the labor movement climax Association as an employer organizations, strive to suppress the trade union organizations and their activities. Pharmacy staff in Shanghai Pharmaceutical activities set up trade unions, the new Pharmaceutical Association president Wong Chu 9 that the \Xu Xiang Sun hosted the Association, the executive had also been monitoring the meeting to convey the KMT party headquarters in Shanghai on strict precautions will be elements of national self-help activities exteriors instructions. New Asia Pharmaceuticals employs 82 workers to form trade unions, the new Pharmaceutical Society of surprise, according to the plant capitalists Xu Guanqun letter request submitted to the Chamber of Commerce to turn against the KMT party headquarters city (Note: Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences Institute of Economics editor: \industry history \August 1925, Tianjin Po into a cotton mill workers did not observe due to factory regulations fined, causing the whole factory workers on strike. Tianjin Cotton Association immediately sent a letter to Chamber of Commerce in Tianjin and the Tianjin Police Agency, Zhili governor, asked to be punished. National Police Agency and the Chamber of Commerce compassionate Zhili governor asked the workers on the one hand, it also said that when the charge of handling, strict control (Note: Tianjin Archives et al: \), p. 3147-3151,3181 page.). October 1927, due to the current situation Wuxian Samsung textile effects caused by inventory product put funds in financial straits and declared closed down, causing the city to strike and affect the size of the plant be a strike. Association of Iron Machine silk industry Association immediately sent a letter to the people of Suzhou and Suzhou Business Chamber of Commerce, hopes to mediate. Suzhou Chamber of Commerce petition the National Government and therefore severely iron machine strikes activists, also written Wuxian County Government and Suzhou Municipal Party headquarters thread Chen strike situation and urged government departments to take measures to eliminate the strike and resume production. To win public sympathy and support of the Association of Iron Machine silk industry is also publishing a \, words, \End the strike under the government's suppression of failure by the iron machine iron machine silk industry associations and federations of workers reported to reach a compromise agreement statement (Note: Suzhou Municipal Archives, edited by: \). In such event, the Association often the help of industry influence, a collection of associations of support to local governments to pressure, joint industry, chambers of commerce and state power authority power to suppress strikes and resistance workers.
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