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Four languages ​​Naxi - Dongba, Geba Wen, Martha, and Ruan Wen Wen


Naxi original four languages, namely, Dongba, East Brother Man, Mary Martha text (hereinafter referred to as Martha text) and Ruan Wen. Dongba hieroglyphs are pictures of them, Geba text is syllable words, Martha, and Ruan Wen-wen, is a variant of Dongba text. The common feature is the shape the text are more primitive, the use of narrow, regardless of what the text did not fulfill with the development of a written communication tool of national common conditions. Thus, in October 1949 after the founding of the PRC, in order to effectively adapt to new era in the production of the Naxi people, life and culture, education, the needs and requirements, to help create a Naxi the Latin alphabet-based phonetic . In addition, there are two points to minor: (1) to Ninglang County as the center of the Naxi language Yongning the eastern dialect area popular with a note of the carved symbols used, which kinds of carved symbols may be founded in Dongba ago. (2) about a Dutch missionary in 1932, Su Shu-Tim (female) in order to preach in the Naxi areas, according to Dayan town of Lijiang Naxi language has been designed for voice to lead a Latin form of alphabetic writing upside down. But the text fails to promote the Naxi people. 1, Dongba picture of the Naxi language used in the past, and evolved by this hieroglyphic picture writing. Where the Naxi Dongba language that means Mainly used for writing religious scriptures. Naxi in the study of religious scriptures through the implementation of Personal Dongba ritual, so that the text is called Dongba. Ming Naxi Accordingly projections, created Dongba pictographic writing of the age of about half of the 12th century to the 13th century between the first half. The caption in the text in the history of the development from the picture into the text of the first step. Remained largely written from left to right direction. Changing the font, often form a new shape according to the context and word structure, a body can often also said that several significant, with many structural interdependence of the composite text form. Dongba pictograph is a new stage of development is in the text under the influence of Geba. Hieroglyphic features are: writing a fixed-line models, all written from left to right horizontal; only represents a syllable of a word, voice, text can be the same or similar interchangeable, they have basically developed by the ideographic to phonetic; to single pictograph The word refers to the main thing. Dongba scriptures rich, more than 90% of written text with pictures, is to study the history and culture of the Naxi valuable materials. 1 Dongba scriptures existing domestic thousand volumes, only the Beijing Library, Lijiang County Library, Yunnan Dongba Cultural Research Institute, there are two more than 8,000 copies. Largest collection in the country and in the United States. 2, Geba text It is a syllabic language, similar to the Cuan text (ie the ancient Yi), Naxi language called . But this text was created by specific age, the same as the Dongba culture, the lack of conclusive evidence, still not conclusive. Geba text feature is a word representing a syllable, and simple strokes, than the Dongba a big step forward. But the font is not very fixed, so vary, the formation of a digital sound, and some differences with the meaning of the word, it is difficult really understand its meaning. Therefore, the scope of Geba not widely popular culture, only the dam area of ​​Lijiang County, Nanshan, Ludian Tacheng and parts of Weixi County. The Geba text books written by only a few hundred of this. As for the question of the source text symbols Geba, are considered by scholars, this text is affected by the Dongba culture and Chinese culture together under the influence of the formation of a text. 3, Martha text Dongba a variant of the text. This text is only in the Yunnan Province, Weixi County Township claimed the tower domain Martha's Tutsi residents to use. When they first moved to the free text, and later learned to the local Dongba Dongba priests, and from among more than one hundred words symbols, used to record their own spoken language, for the notes, billing and communication purposes. Ma Saba text, at this point than the Dongba progress; but because too few words is insufficient, so when used in a variety of word pronunciation and usage, and sometimes the folder with some Chinese characters. Naxi language, according to the census conducted in 1956 to 105 years when the collection of Martha text analysis, which borrowed Dongba shape, sound and meaning there are 69,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], only by the Dongba form, sound and meaning rather than by the 10 , shaped not only by the Dongba characters by sound and meaning of 6, for a total of 85, with the different characters of the original Dongba's only 20. Thus, the general thought that Martha text text has not yet formed an independent symbol system, can only be regarded as a variant of Dongba characters. 4, Ruan Wen text with Martha as Dongba Culture is another variant of the text. Such a word popular in Zhongdian County branch of BA Xiang Ruan Naxi people, it said Ruan Wen;. According to the survey, mainly in Keren Nguyen Muli County, Sichuan Province, Russian Asia and the Logie Zhongdian County of Yunnan Province, East Dam, white and other places. The Naxi language is the eastern dialect. Since they claim to Tennessee residents and local mixed together, so their economic life and language and culture, and the local Naxi people have basically the same. In the religious life, usually to please Naxi Dongba priests do rituals Ruan family, funeral pile was opened after the death of super-recommended ceremony, non by the Dongba priests Ruan their host is not. Recommended by the opening ceremony of mourning over the However, super recommended by Ruan also mixed with a little different Ruan Dongba characters.