Forum pracy nad projektem wskrzeszenia The Forge

[yoylqnqvwb]

Accelerate the transformation of foreign trade growth


Premier Wen Jiabao in the export structure, change foreign trade growth and strive to reduce excessively large trade surplus. a development of foreign trade is our long-held policy reform and opening up, we seize the elements of international industrial transfer and historic opportunity for restructuring, promotion of foreign trade has witnessed rapid development. After 29 years of efforts, China's total imports and exports from 1978 to 20.69 billion U.S. dollars, the development of the 1.76 trillion in 2006, the cumulative increase of nearly 70 times. China's foreign trade in the world ranking from No. 32 in 1978 to the current No. 3 to become the world's third largest trading country in the international trade in the proportion of more than 7%. In 2006, China's foreign exchange reserves exceeded 1 trillion U.S. dollars, reached 1.0663 trillion U.S. dollars. China's foreign trade to promote development of sustained and rapid economic development of the national economy and improve China's overall national strength and international competitiveness, and promote world economic growth, especially for a large population to solve the employment problem, an important and irreplaceable role. first, to promote our national economy and world economic growth, significantly raised China's international status 2000 years, the world economy has entered a new growth cycle, nearly 5 years, 4.4% average annual growth of world economy, trade average annual growth of 5.1% in the last 30 years, the longest and one of the fastest growing period of growth. The growth of world economy and trade, with China's rapid economic and trade development are closely related, and many countries, China's economic development more sustainable and open to the world economic growth and greater driving effect. According to experts, China's foreign trade growth in recent years, world trade growth on the contribution rate has remained above 10% of the overall global economic recovery and growth played an important role in promoting, together with the United States of so called world economy engine. Through the development of foreign trade, China's foreign trade partners from dozens of 1978 to the current more than 220, more than 1000 billion trade partners have more than 6 months, bilateral trade with the EU and the U.S. over 200 billion U.S. dollars. The rapid development of China's foreign trade, but also the developing countries position in the world economy increased significantly. 1990-2005, the proportion of the developing countries of the world economy increased by the 34.4% to 47.7%, an increase of 13 percentage points; trade share from 20.3% to 30.8%, increased by 10 percentage points. Second, to promote adjustment and optimization of industrial structure, accelerate the industrialization process of China 20 century, 80 years, China's textile products to seize the international community, represented by the labor-intensive industries transfer to developing countries the opportunity to cultivate the textile, clothing, footwear, toys, bags and other large export-oriented enterprises; the 20th century, 90s, caught the world to accelerate the transfer of industries, especially electrical machinery industry the opportunity to accelerate structural adjustment, Promoting the development and expansion of electrical and mechanical industries, speed up the home appliances, mobile phones, micro computer , development of integrated circuits and other industries and exports; into the World Trade Organization, to continue to seize the IT industry representatives transfer of high-tech industries and restructuring of the manufacturing sector the opportunity to promote China's information industry has become a pillar industry of national economy and improve the proportion of high-tech exports. Development of foreign trade, so that by expanding our exports, improve China's industrial level, enterprise level and product level, and enhance the international competitiveness. Through imports, the introduction of the industrial production of the required capital goods, raw materials, energy, large sets of equipment, advanced technology and management, promote the optimization and upgrading of industrial structure. 1980 to 2005, China's exports of primary products increased from 51.6% to 6.4%, the proportion of manufactured goods rose from 48.4% to 93.6%; the proportion of primary products imports in 1980 from 37.7% to 22.4%. third, and increased the capacity to promote employment and improve the skills of our workers and welfare According to preliminary estimates, China's foreign trade and related practitioners in the field of about 1 million people , the current import and export trade more than 8,000 employees directly related to people, of which at least 60% in rural areas are the transfer of labor. Processing trade, employing about 3,500 people, China's secondary industry accounted for about 20% of employment, accounting for 40% of manufacturing employment. Employees in foreign-invested enterprises has reached 2300 people. It is estimated that China's exports of $ 100,000,000 for each product provide 15,000 job opportunities through the development of foreign trade to improve the ability to absorb labor force, greatly ease the employment pressure in China. Such as the annual average wage of workers by 2 million calculations, processing trade wages more than 700 billion yuan, accounting for 35% of total wages. Fourth, promote increased use of , interdependence among nations deepened the market, the world ever closer economic ties, more and more different social systems and development levels of countries have sought through international trade for economic benefits of globalization. After joining WTO, Chinese enterprises have more equal participation in international competition, the development of foreign trade opportunities. In 2001 China joined the World Trade Organization, China's annual foreign trade growth rate of 20%, died five years the total value of imports and exports, more than died from 1978 to the sum of 23 years before. In the case of insufficient domestic demand, external demand through exports to achieve, both for our industry to expand the development space, but also ease the overcapacity in some industries. China has nearly one hundred kinds of commodity production ranked first in the world, including tractors accounted for 83% of the total global production, container 83%, watches accounted for 75%, VCD 70%, 70% of household ceramics, motorcycles 50%. Chinese textiles, toys, home appliances, light industrial products has become the world's leading consumer goods products. Mobile phones, refrigerators, television sets, motorcycles, garments export commodity dependence are more than 50%, some even over 70%. Meanwhile, China has also become iron ore, alumina imports import superpower and the original third-largest country. Fifth, to promote China to accelerate capital accumulation, enhancing the quality and level of foreign investment under the conditions of economic globalization, transnational corporations, mainly through international investment and international trade on a global scale allocation of resources, intra-firm trade, industry trade, and other new forms of trade has been rapid development, but also to international trade and international investment significantly enhanced the interaction. All products are no longer the pursuit of national production chain, choosing instead to invest the most advantageous aspects of the country, through the offshore business and trade access to the benefits of economic globalization. Since the 90s of last century, China has actively undertake international industrial transfer and trade diversion, foreign investment in developing countries for 15 consecutive years ranked first in the introduction of foreign investment and trade not only advanced technology, management experience and high-quality talent, it also brings great trade. Currently, foreign-funded enterprises in China's exports in the export share of 58%, has become the main force of China's exports. Foreign import and export volume from 259.1 billion U.S. dollars in 2001 increased to 1.0365 trillion U.S. dollars in 2006, the average annual increase of 32%. Second, China's foreign trade of the outstanding contradictions and problems the development of China's foreign trade is facing many new opportunities, but there are many deep-seated contradictions and problems, urgent trade growth mode to be changed. First, the trade surplus is too large recent years, China's trade surplus to rise significantly. 2004, 420 billion to 102 billion U.S. dollars in 2005, increased to 177.5 billion U.S. dollars in 2006. If unchecked, this year's surplus may be close to 3,000 billion U.S. dollars. Excessive growth of China's trade surplus in recent years, is a variety of factors. This is our full play the advantages of low labor costs, export promotion through the transfer of rural surplus labor to ease the employment pressure results; enhancing industrial competitiveness of China's domestic production to gradually replace imported goods results; is the global industrial transfer and to me corresponding surplus transferred to our results; also the long-term economic structure of the major importing countries imbalance, Financial and trade deficits related. Short term, but also some enterprises in the export tax rebate rate adjustment before the assault export enterprises to accelerate yuan appreciation pressure for increased exports and increased export costs are directly related to export prices. But the trade surplus is too large a direct impact on China's international balance of payments, balanced development of China's economy, affecting the development of China's foreign trade continued to increase the pressure of RMB appreciation, increasing the difficulty of macro-control, but also easy to trigger trade frictions. second, external resources and energy supply security issues highlight With China's rapid economic growth, shortage of domestic resources have become increasingly prominent on international resources, increasing dependence. China's crude oil and iron ore imports currently account for 40% of domestic consumption is about; alumina imports in domestic consumption of 50%. Production and consumption at the current speculation in 2020 iron ore, copper concentrate, alumina and other important mineral resources, the gap would be greater oil import dependence will reach 60%. China imports more than 95% of trade in mineral products to the spot market to buy directly from international, investment and development in foreign countries, the share of oil fields have control over resources, imports accounted for less than 5%. The world's proven oil reserves of 81% of quality control in the world top 20 in the hands of transnational corporations. China's energy supply by large international constraints, the Western countries continue to spread in China energy threat, on the cooperation and development of overseas resources to strengthen prevention and interference of China's energy security is facing growing international pressure. With the slowdown in world economic growth, national energy structure adjustment of industrial structure and accelerating the pace of global demand for energy resources will grow. However,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], due to the price formation mechanism of energy resources, more complicated, I am in the international prices of the impact of the formation is not enough, important strategic resources such as oil reserve system and futures lagged behind the market, supply security issues persist, future energy resources price trend is still uncertain. Resources of the international market price fluctuations frequently, for a reasonable price in China pose a threat to external resources. China's overseas energy security there is greater risk of geopolitical security and transport security risks. Third, import and export commodities structural contradiction Although China's trade structure since the reform and opening up a fundamental change, but the import and export structural contradictions are still outstanding. First, the low level of trade in goods exports. Despite China's manufactured goods exports of goods accounted for the more than 90%, but mainly in the low-end products or sectors of production, processing, invention patents accounted for only 1.8% of the world, the core technology with independent intellectual property of domestic enterprises accounted for only ten thousandths or so, our dependence on foreign technology up to 50%, 80% of high-tech products, dependence on imports. Currently most of China's exports of low technology content and low value-added products and consumption of resources, more labor-intensive products. China's exports of high-tech products, 87% of the processing trade by foreign high-tech industries to undertake labor-intensive aspects of the real high technology, high value-added part is not in China, few products with core technology. Meanwhile, 55% of China's exports of processing trade exports, the export capacity of its own brand is still relatively weak. At present, China import and export enterprises with independent brands less than 20%, own brands export less than 10%. How to improve the enterprise's core competitiveness, expand the products with independent intellectual property rights and own brand products, so as to improve quality and efficiency of the key trade issues. second is seriously lagging behind the development of service trade export. According to WTO statistics, China's service trade exports in the world ranking from 28th in 1982, rising to 8, but the proportion of total world trade in services is very low. In 2005, China exported 74.4 billion U.S. dollars of trade in services, exports of the world's total trade in services was 3.1%. Trade in services in the world, the developed countries the proportion of up to 75.8%, while China's service trade deficit year after year, the deficit in 2004 was 97 billion U.S. dollars, 9.4 billion U.S. dollars in 2005 for the first half of 2006 to 57 billion U.S. dollars. From the department structure, China's service exports are mainly concentrated in traditional areas such as tourism, and financial , Insurance , computer services and other high-tech and high value-added services, export scale is small, the proportion is very low. China's service exports in recent years, tourism and transport 55%, while exports of computer and information services, the proportion of less than 3%, telecommunications services accounted for only about 2%, financial services, insurance services, and less than 1%, only 0.2 Patent Services %. The development of modern service industry and trade in services lagged behind, not only severely restricts the improvement of China's foreign trade structure, trade in goods has also led to rising costs in China, is not conducive to the sustainable development of foreign trade. Third, exports do not reflect their true cost. Many of China's export prices low and does not reflect the true cost of labor and environmental costs of the resources paid. Since some production companies paid little or no social costs and environmental costs, blindly down wages and benefits, so that part of the sales price lower than the average production cost of social reality, it is susceptible to foreign anti-dumping on me. At present, China is the world's production of 1 pair of shoes every person, 2 meters of fabric, and 3 pieces of clothing, apparel exports 17.7 billion, while each dollar sold at 3.5l; exported 6 billion pairs of shoes, for only $ 2.5 per pair; wool export price of only $ 4 shirt. Over the past 10 years, China shoes, shoes, balls, umbrellas, bristle brush, hot water bottle and other commodity exports grew by 6 5 percent, but the average price has decreased by 20% or more. China Rare Earth exports in 2004 was 9 times in 1990, the average price declined by 46%. Fourth, the international trade protectionism is increasing 2007, the international trade will continue to expand cross-border investment is still active in world trade will grow more than 7%. However, the suspension of the Doha Round negotiations, the multilateral trading system frustrated many countries under the impact of globalization, economic and social development of the deep-rooted contradictions and difficulties in increasing trade protectionism around the world will be further intensified. China faces even more severe trade friction, the friction from the case turned to the institutional level, from labor-intensive products to other products, services, and even the system of institutional mechanisms for the extension of anti-dumping from a variety of trade protection measures to expand, spreading from developed to developing countries . Since the reform and opening up, especially since the recent years, with the rapid growth of China's foreign trade, foreign trade friction, more and more has now entered the period of high trade friction. Since China's accession to the World Trade Organization, subject to other WTO members, the number of anti-dumping anti-dumping WTO members accounted for the total 1 / 7, is subjected to anti-dumping cases than any other country. According to analysis of the World Bank and other international organizations, if the terms of trade in 1995 was 100,1997-2003 China's terms of trade index decreased by 15.8%.