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Abstract title】 Marxism Key words background / basic concept / development / body】 【Comparison Key words: B0-0 Document code: A Article ID :1009-5675 (2004) 01-152-06 strengthen the basic theory of Marxist philosophy research and deepen their understanding of the current philosophy is one of the important issues . Not only for professional researchers that Marxist philosophy, philosophy of working in other disciplines, especially in Western philosophy researchers also do so. Not the real meaning of Marxist philosophy accurate understanding of our research in other areas difficult to have a smooth development, more difficult the full reality of the role of these studies. In order to deeply understand the basic theory of Marxism and the new historical conditions, to promote its enrichment and development needs of all aspects of efforts. Recognition Marx's revolutionary change in philosophy on how the theory of the development of philosophy in the West against the backdrop, the main significance of this change or that the fundamental meaning of Marxist philosophy is, how should we regard the development of Marxist philosophy, how and contemporaries from the A comparative study of Western Philosophy in a better understanding of the meaning of Marxist philosophy, these are the problems should be explored. Talk about some personal thoughts on this below. First, Marx the revolutionary change in philosophy on the theoretical background generated on the theory of Marxist philosophy from the past, the more popular argument is: Marx criticized Hegel's idealism, inherited the rational dialectics kernel; criticized Feuerbach's metaphysics, inherited the basic core of its materialism. As many experts have pointed out, this argument was consistent with the facts, but not comprehensive. In western philosophy, Marx's criticism and not just the German classical philosophy, but not just Hegel and Feuerbach, but since ancient Greece and Rome the splendid thoughts of all the important heritage. To produce broader Marxist theoretical background, it also includes the development of Marxist ideology and culture on the other, in particular, made to the development of natural science and general science summary. In fact, the theoretical sources critically inherited the philosophy and science and culture in the past, outstanding heritage of Marxism is a revolutionary change in philosophy on one aspect of a more important aspect is that he established a basis and philosophy has a fundamental difference between the past, the new philosophy, which go beyond (This article refers to the so-called out of bounds beyond are not negated) of this legacy. This is not only beyond the individual to his former philosopher, the individual philosophical schools or individual countries and the era beyond the individual, but to the ancient Greek and Roman philosophy to German classical philosophy, beyond the whole of Western philosophy; that go beyond not just philosophical point of view and philosophy of individual transcendence, but rather a fundamental landmark beyond the philosophical way of thinking. It is precisely because there is such a transcendence, we can say that Marx's philosophy of change is achieved by revolutionary change. And this change has Shifengqishi adapted to the internal laws of the development of Western philosophy. In other words, Marx the revolutionary changes in scientific philosophy reflects the objective trend of the development of Western philosophy. Why? This is because in the times of Marx, Western philosophy has fallen into a deep difficulties and crisis, in order to further develop, the need for fundamental change. In the development of Western philosophy, from the onset of modern philosophy Descartes achieved epistemological turn is recognized as a landmark shift. The steering has a rich content, in different philosophers and philosophical schools where there are different forms. Such as empiricism and rationalism, the French 18th century 19th century German idealism, materialism and all have their own characteristics, there are also a variety of arguments. Materialism and idealism which has been very intense controversy, both in theory or from the social class background that has different connotations. But they are also important in common. This prominent point on the surface are as follows. First, they have put aside the medieval philosophical and theological beliefs of religious doctrine limits itself to certain people in different ways and to varying degrees, they face a world of cognitive ability, which is a broad human reason. Ability to reason and rationality of the recognition and advocacy of modern philosophy is the premise of epistemological shift. Second, they regard the mind and body, self (the subject) and object (object), spirit and matter, mind, and there is a clear distinction between (so-called subject-object dichotomy), and thus the starting and by what means the principal, what way and to what extent the understanding of the object (human face of the world) as their basic content of the philosophical activities. To give full play to the main body of the main principles of this initiative can be established, the basic problem of philosophy is obviously reflected by the main customer, mind and matter, think of some relations, which for the whole development of modern philosophy, especially of materialism against idealism,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], and opened the way for science against religion. Third, they are put under the banner of reason, starting from the subject-object dichotomy to create a complete epistemological system, and thus build a picture of the whole world on the all-encompassing philosophy of the theoretical system as its fundamental objective. This system, in particular the establishment of epistemological system to promote human understanding, especially understanding of the nature and the associated experimental natural science. The three salient features of modern philosophy can be said that modern philosophy as a landmark the main features of philosophical thinking in the development of philosophy must have played an important historical era role in the progress. However, in the later development of the three are increasingly divorced from the reality of human life and practice, are absolute and turn to its opposite, which is characterized by the thinking of modern philosophy Western philosophy has become a serious obstacle to the further development of . For example, transformed into a rational advocate of reason and superstition, or the absolute rationalism, seems to know not only all the problems, and all social problems, can be obtained under the aura of a rational solution. The most reliable science is rational and scientific, the ideal society is a rational society. In fact, this absolute rationalism instead of blocked from the epistemology that people get through practice and experience of true knowledge to further the road; from the community that obscures the reality of the capitalist system of social conflicts and crisis, has become an obstacle to social progress. In another example, the distinction between subject and object dualism led to the separation of subject and object, while dualism itself contains out of people's real life and practice, can not explain human knowledge in the subject-object interaction and transformation, and thus can not make access to true knowledge, and finally the inevitable down to skepticism. Hume's skepticism is the inevitable dualism fullest conclusion. Cartesian rationalist since the appearance of the reliability of certain knowledge and truth, but not based on people's real life and practice, but by God Almighty to give the so-called ideas (innate ideas) or as the idea of ​​God's guarantee absolute idea, so their theory, in essence, is a dogmatism. Once excluded the absolute God or an abstract concept, dogmatism must turn to the same skepticism. Again, modern philosophers of rationalism proceed under the premise of separation from the binary system of philosophy established, due to be absolute by the promotion of scientific knowledge and methodology into the development of science above the top of a speculative metaphysics, the so-called scientific science, and this became the scientific development of resistance. This system was originally established by the people, but because system is absolute, man has become a minor part of the system, human subjectivity, activity in the closed system will melt into a. Skepticism, dogmatism and speculative metaphysical connotation, of course different, but they are also closely related. Inherently speculative metaphysics implies dogmatism, and dogmatism have lost the support of the concept of God or the absolute bound to backward skepticism, in turn, in isolation from the conditions of real life and practice, in order to overcome the skepticism is bound to dogmatism . Thus, modern Western philosophy in its development into the fundamental limitations of the concentration of the performance of its speculative metaphysics. Development of Western Philosophy half of the 19th century, and its metaphysics of speculative development to its peak. Hegel's absolute idealism collection system can be described as speculative metaphysics in modern western philosophy, the culmination of his philosophy in spite of a wealth of dialectics, but in the end by his idealist system that stifled. Western philosophy to seek further development, we must overcome the dualism of dogmatism and, in particular, both inclusive, including the limitations of speculative metaphysics. We're usually talking about anti-dialectical sense of idealism and metaphysics is also included in this limitation within. However, this limitation is not unique to the idealist. Everything from people's real life and practical materialism, or purely naturalistic materialism holds the same limitations. Therefore, to overcome the speculative metaphysics in modern philosophy the limitations of the performance of both the concentration of absolute idealism of Hegel's system is critical, but its significance is far from limited to Hegel, it also should be on all the traditional Philosophy, especially modern philosophy in the divorced from the reality of human life and practice the critical features of speculative metaphysics. In other words, this is not just for individual schools and individual philosophers philosophy change, but should be with the limitations of all schools of philosophy and philosophers of the theory of change, or a landmark change in the philosophical way of thinking . Marxist revolutionary change in philosophy is the philosophical theory of development in the context of philosophical thinking of this place changes. In fact, contemporary Western philosophers, Marx also looking to implement some degree of change, beyond the plight of modern philosophy and the crisis. However, because they have a completely different and Marx, or even antagonistic social class background, and thus changes in the realization of philosophy and theoretical orientation of social goals and also has a fundamental difference between Marx. Second, the basic concept of Marxist philosophy and theories speculative metaphysics modern Western philosophy and so one-sided result in trouble and crisis since the implementation of Marxist revolutionary change in philosophy on the theoretical background, so critical and beyond the speculative metaphysics, etc. one-sidedness of this change is bound to become the prerequisite and starting point. In fact Marx began in the 19th century, 40 years to achieve this change, put his philosophy major criticism directed at the speculative and arbitrary as the main characteristic of traditional metaphysics, especially the metaphysics of modern philosophy. In his aspects, but the most important of which is represented by German Ideology critique of traditional metaphysics. Marx is in this form and explain his criticism of the fundamental philosophical concepts. Marxist revolutionary change in philosophy, including outlook, values, epistemology,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], methodology, and many other rich content. But Marx is not a system of philosophers. His philosophy is most concerned not by a fixed structure to create an all-encompassing philosophical system, but the development of philosophy for his troubled past and the crux of the crisis, and he represents in accordance with the transformation of the revolutionary proletariat the requirements of the world, to make philosophy out of the shackles of speculative metaphysics, etc., back to the real world and real life come. The concept of real life and practice which has become the fundamental concepts of Marxist philosophy. In Marx's philosophy, criticism of traditional metaphysics has been struggling with the crisis of the capitalist system and the criticism philosophy he sought liberation and human emancipation (the first is the liberation of the proletariat) are unified. The basis of this unity is the real life and practice. Various parts of Marx's philosophy is what the rich content and practice through real life contact as a unified whole. On the concept of real life and practice the basic concepts of Marxist philosophy, Marx himself in the 19th century began to realize his 40 years of revolutionary change in philosophy when the written works of those mentioned above, especially in the Theses Engels called this Marx in the rather than regard them as human sensuous activity, as a practice to understand, not from the subjective to understand. so the result was actually so, and the opposite of materialism, idealism has developed a dynamic aspect, but only the development of abstract because of idealism does not know the true reality of course, the emotional event itself. BR> If you are familiar with this. The problem is how to combine the I think, should at least recognize this passage contains the old Marxist idealism and materialism of negation and the Negation of idealism about Marx, few people expressed opposition, and even fewer exist misunderstanding. Marx was in almost all occasions clear stand to oppose all forms of idealism, maintenance materialism. While Hegel and Marx's theory of idealist philosophers made many affirmed. For example, in But he is not sure all of these occasions, the idealist itself, but certainly some of the idealist philosophers of the theory contains a dialectic that meet the real-life rational core, it is this rational core can overcome metaphysical materialism, Since the dialectics consistent with real life, in essence must be unity with the materialist. The negation of the old materialism Marx, we understand the specific differences are often there are more, sometimes very different. Defects on the old materialism, popular argument is that its mechanical, metaphysical and social history in the field of idealism. Of course, this argument can be found under the authority of Engels, etc., is undoubtedly correct. The problem is that people sometimes ask no further why the old materialism of these limitations. In fact, Marx has been answered in the above paragraph, that is: , not from the subjective to understand. Practice the role of these objects. In other words, just see things, such as material reality, but do not see this material and human sensuous activity, practice relationship. In Marx's view this is where the fundamental flaws of the old materialism. In the content The crucial thing here is that whether Materialism and Defeated 18th-century French materialism of the 17th century, it is not the abstract metaphysics of the material certainly primary, but in their theory of the concept of page.). As to the restoration of German idealism, is that it match the rich content of practice and life. In short, materialism and idealism in the evaluation, the most attention is not Marx put forward the abstract spirit is primary or primary, and in whether the If the practice of out of touch with life, that even if confirmed is primary and can be defeated idealist; and if the contents of the rich life practice, idealism, and life can defeat those who practice out of materialism. All of materialism as a matter of materialism are certainly primary. First but not sure the material can adhere to the materialist. On the contrary, if divorced from real life and practice with the link but only in the abstract certainly is primary, and that under certain conditions, but also backward idealism. Marx has repeatedly referred to a purely naturalistic, or abstract materialism will turn to idealism. ,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], 18 pp.) Thus, Marx's philosophy as a theoretical basis or starting point, not the old materialists have long affirmed the abstract material, which form the material directly, but by Therefore, the fundamental concepts of Marxist materialist philosophy, or simply view the material point of view is not abstract, but real life and practical point of view. In Marxist Philosophy in life, real life and practical point of view has always been concerned about the core of his point of view. On the real life and practice of Marxism contains not only the emphasis of things, reality, emotional affirmation, or the nature of the material world, certainly; also contains a subjective aspect, the human activity recognition, thus bringing the materialism and dialectics organically up. Marx, materialism and dialectics only this will unify the view of life can only be resolved in the practice of social life who are facing the reality of all reality. In his the dynamic transformation of the world, we can see, the practice. By Marx as the subject of life and practice were not out of contact with other people and society of isolated individuals, but people in the real world, in all kinds of social relations of people. Marx pointed out: 16,355,18,18 page.). If the old materialism foothold is to isolate individual (Note: The starting point is not the reality of human existence from the material existence of the abstract, which has long been proposed for the old materialist, and its one-sidedness was full of the contents of the idealist dialectics of the victory; but also contains the principles of materialism and dialectics the reality of human social life and practice. And practice because human life is a historical process, which Marx that in order to emphasize the reality of human life and practice characteristics of materialism is a form of historical materialism. In fact, Marx's more mature in the later writings (eg the famous , in the not cited.) Therefore, if the real life and practical point of view is the fundamental Marxist view,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], then from this point of view of the theory of historical materialism construct became the basis of Marxist theory. Is worth pointing out that Marx and Engels summed up the contribution of theory in philosophy, it is clear that historical materialism. His famous Theory of surplus value on the political economy, historical materialism is the philosophical. Engels after many Marxists (for example, the development of Marxist philosophy influential Plekhanov) more to the title for the Marxist philosophy of dialectical materialism and historical materialism. Well as the name of dialectical materialism of Marx summarized and Feuerbach on such dialectics of materialist criticism and the old, but because Lenin Marxist classical writers can also be found on the basis of dialectical materialism so Marxism and historical materialism, this title has become more prevalent on the title of Marxist philosophy. Whether the reference to these two consistent? The key is how the interpretation of In accordance with the This formulation is based on Stalin's greatest Many philosophers of the former Soviet Union made a lot of arguments for this assertion, which is considered the orthodox thesis. According to this thesis is difficult to say that historical materialism is the basis of the theory of Marxist philosophy,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], but can only say that it is only one part, and is derived from part of dialectical materialism. This interpretation of historical materialism and historical materialism, Marx had given meaning and Marx and Engels to materialism as a contribution to one of two conclusions is clearly different. However, if the specific analysis of historical materialism of Marx and Engels on the original meaning of the discussion, in particular, specific analysis of Marx's philosophy to achieve revolutionary change in the background, not difficult to find, that the two statements there is no substantial difference. If we have reason to Marx, dialectical materialism is obviously not just apply to the field of social history, but as the foundation of his whole philosophy. Which itself contains the basic principles of dialectical materialism. Because it is precisely because Marx revealed and emphasized the dynamic reality of people's activities, the decisive role of practice, to make him and others to be there from the Critique of Hegel's dialectic and inherited from the old materialist Feuerbach, where such materialist criticism and an organic unity, only dialectical materialism or dialectical materialism. In this narrow interpretation of historical materialism is not only the social and historical process, it also put the relationship between man and nature as the process is a historical process. The significance of both dialectical materialism. On the other hand. Dialectical materialism can be used to explain natural phenomena, both can also be used to explain social and historical phenomenon. From Marx to achieve revolutionary change in philosophy to analyze the specific historical process as well. From this point of view to understand the basic theory of Marxism, that it is historical materialism and dialectical materialism and historical materialism, it is exactly the same. Recent years, our philosophy to the theory of Marxism is dialectical materialism and historical materialism form, practical materialism or historical materialism, has been more discussion, so far do not seem to agree better . My personal research interests are in Western philosophy, study of Marxist philosophy is not deep insights in this regard is not, I just stood for a comprehensive understanding of the true meaning of Marxist materialism compatible with the premise of these different formulations. If a single mention of historical materialism, dialectical materialism, the contents of it should be included. If the mention of dialectical materialism and historical materialism, we must pay attention not to the use of dialectical materialism as the only, should be fully aware of historical materialism in Marxist philosophy in the key role. If you mention practical materialism, dialectical materialism and historical materialism should avoid the content of such conflict occurs. This issue should also be regarded as more in-depth discussion, different opinions should not rush into politics. Here for points with Description: I made the National Social Science Fund Project Marxism as the theoretical basis of Marxist philosophy (some experts have put forward this view), and from the modern to the modern Western philosophy from the perspective of transition were demonstrated. Some experts in the subject project review proposed the principle of historical materialism, dialectical materialism applied only to social history, and therefore can not see it as the theoretical basis of Marxist philosophy. I can not agree to this. Specifically intended to answer. Since the general arguments made above, has made it clear that my point of view, it seems not to answer the other. Three basic theories of Marxism development current philosophical foundation for strengthening the Marxist theories, fundamentally speaking, is to strengthen the Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory and thought of as a whole, especially a deep understanding of the The so-called line of succession, that is, the new historical conditions, the practice under the new requirements of the original inheritance and development of the basic principles of Marxism. However, the three links with the party's advanced nature together to form a complete system, rising to the height of the party's guiding ideology, which is Marxism of contemporary China partisan creative application and development philosophy. Marx and Engels later, and many of the great Marxist revolutionaries countries adhere to Marxism, are in varying degrees played a creative Marxist theory. Their theories are proposed under the new historical conditions, and summarizes the experience of the new revolutionary practice, therefore, both in specific reference to the year with reference to Marx there are some differences, the existence of such differences is that they often made of Marx's theory of creative development of specific performance. If you do not see these differences, but rather one-sided emphasis on their full line, it will ignore the subsequent great partisan of the Marxist and creative development. This creative development is of course only in upholding the basic principles of Marxism on the basis of development. This basic principle is the Marxist world outlook and methodology. World outlook and methodology of this content can be broad or more narrowly to elaborate. Engels outlined above should be said out of the materialist conception of history is one of the core content. Marxists after Marx on the creative development of Marxist philosophy most prominently on the development of historical materialism. For example, Mao Zedong Thought in the philosophy of the most outstanding contribution is that it combines the Chinese democratic revolution and socialist construction, the concrete practice of the early creative development of historical materialism. Deng Xiaoping Theory and the philosophy is to combine the most outstanding contribution to the primary stage of socialism in China, the concrete practice of the creative development of historical materialism. Comrade Hu Jintao in 2003, elucidation; always represent the forward direction of China's advanced culture, is a Marxist material life and spiritual life, social existence and social consciousness of the basic principles of the dialectical relationship between the use and exposition; always represent the fundamental interests of the majority of the people, is Marxist history of the people are the driving forces to promote the basic principle of this use and exposition. Correct understanding of the basic theory of Marxist philosophy should focus on the development of Marxist philosophy. This not only pay attention to different periods in the Marxist theory of morphological differences, but also concerned about Marx himself at different times of the specific reference to the differences. Early Marx's views and his later views on the specific reference to some differences do exist. Many domestic and foreign scholars have been positive. In a fairly long period of time, for various reasons, our scholars some of the important early works of Marx (mainly the In recent years many scholars have made a lot of research in this area, and thus the formation of Marxist philosophy and development process has become more comprehensive and real understanding. This is particularly reflected in Marx recognized the reality of human life and practice, people of the world, on the comprehensive development of prime importance in the philosophical emphasis on the purely philosophical naturalism and critical systems. The philosophy of overcoming the textbook understanding of Marxist model one-sided sense. But also in Marxist philosophy which has caused some differences of opinion. Some experts believe that Marx's early view could not mature enough, but more by Feuerbach's doctrine of, so that should be more concerned about the idea in the late Marx. This formulation is certainly justified. The question is how should look at how late the difference between the former Marxist point of view. Althusser as the representative of the country and in some Western Marxists that Marx thought that exists between pre-and post That the domestic situation. This is a more complex problem that requires specific exploratory discussions. Put the Marxist philosophy of historical materialism as the core of it, I would think that Marx is not essentially different from the previous post. Marx's The basic idea of ​​history, in his in particular, the concrete used in the analysis of historical materialism of capitalist society, and that the proletarian revolutionary struggle with the development of strategies and policies. The development of Marxist philosophy will give us his views are more in-depth, complete and detailed understanding, it seems not to Marx's thought thus separated. Four, from a comparative study of Marxist philosophy to deepen understanding of the basic theory of Marxism proletarian revolution as a world outlook and methodology resulting theoretical form, it is based on theory fits-all quasi-universal truth, of course, world-historical significance.

Deepening the basis of Marxist Philosophy Marxist understanding of the theory paper




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